Twelve-Month BMI and Metabolic Changes After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Women with Severe Obesity

Background/Objectives: Women-specific short-term body mass index and metabolic changes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass remain incompletely characterized. This retrospective cohort study evaluated 12-month changes in body mass index, glycemic markers, and lipid profile after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in women with severe obesity treated at a public bariatric reference center in Brazil. Methods: Women who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass between September 2017 and January 2020 were assessed preoperatively and at 30 days, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively. Longitudinal changes were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Results: Of 168 women who underwent bariatric surgery, 150 had complete 12-month follow-up data. Mean age was 43.6 ± 9.8 years and mean preoperative body mass index was 45.4 ± 5.4 kg/m². Body mass index decreased progressively from 45.5 kg/m² at baseline to 31.5 kg/m² at 12 months. Fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c declined significantly within the first postoperative month and remained improved. Total cholesterol decreased at 30 days, whereas low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides decreased by 6 months. Among baseline users, 86% discontinued antihyperglycemic therapy, 87% lipid-lowering therapy, and 72% antihypertensive therapy; these exploratory medication-discontinuation outcomes should not be interpreted as validated remission of diabetes, dyslipidemia, or hypertension. Conclusions: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass was associated with substantial short-term body mass index reduction and improved cardiometabolic markers among women.