Research on Multi-Dimensional Bionic Design of Flexible ECG Electrodes for Wearable Monitoring

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Materials Science
• Wearable Technology

Background:

• Conventional Ag/AgCl wet and flexible dry electrodes for electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring face limitations such as high interfacial impedance, motion artifacts, poor biocompatibility, and discomfort.
• Improving ECG electrode performance necessitates achieving low interfacial impedance, robust anti-interference, excellent biocompatibility, and long-term wearability.

Purpose of the Study:

• This review systematically examines biomimetic design principles and theories for advanced ECG electrodes.
• It elaborates on biomimetic prototypes, design mechanisms, and applications across various scenarios.

Main Methods:

• The review analyzes biomimetic ECG electrodes from five perspectives: structural, interfacial, mechanical, functional, and material biomimetics.
• It summarizes application progress in wearable devices, clinical monitoring, and special scenarios.
• The industrialization landscape and patent status are also assessed.

Main Results:

• Biomimetic design provides a pivotal strategy to address electrode-skin interface incompatibilities and performance bottlenecks.
• The review highlights diverse biomimetic prototypes and their mechanisms for enhanced ECG monitoring.
• Progress in civil, clinical, and specialized applications of biomimetic electrodes is detailed.

Conclusions:

• Biomimetic ECG electrodes offer significant advantages over traditional ones, improving precision, comfort, and wearability.
• Future trends include synergistic, intelligent, green, clinical-grade, and scalable biomimetic designs.
• This review provides theoretical and practical guidance for optimizing biomimetic ECG electrode design and application.