Immunomodulatory Nanozymes as Programmable Redox-Immune Set-Point Regulators

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Immunology
• Nanotechnology

Background:

• Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like catalytic activity, primarily used for regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS).
• Emerging research shows nanozymes can modulate immune responses via redox-dependent pathways, impacting immune cell functions.
• Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play critical roles in immune activation, metabolism, and inflammation resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advancements in nanozyme-mediated immunomodulation.
• To explore the impact of nanozymes on immune cells like macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes.
• To propose a novel 'redox-immune set-point' framework integrating immunometabolism, redox status, and nanozyme design for therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of nanozyme applications in immunomodulation.
• Categorization of nanozymes (cerium-, manganese-, iron-based, metal-free) based on catalytic properties and therapeutic uses.
• Analysis of nanozyme effects across various conditions: chronic inflammation, wound healing, tumors, and sterile injuries.

Main Results:

• Nanozymes demonstrate diverse immune regulatory patterns, including promoting resolution, coordinating regeneration, reactivating anti-tumor immunity, and reducing inflammasome-associated damage.
• Specific nanozyme types show distinct effects in different disease contexts.
• The proposed redox-immune set-point framework offers a new perspective for understanding nanozyme-immune interactions.

Conclusions:

• Nanozymes offer a promising strategy for precise redox engineering to achieve disease-specific immune regulation.
• Translational challenges including spatiotemporal control, cell targeting, biodegradability, and biosafety need to be addressed for clinical development.
• Precision redox modulation by nanozymes holds significant potential for future therapeutic applications in immune-related diseases.