Effects of Lipid-Induced Magnetic Microstructure on Fat Fraction Quantification in Muscular Dystrophies

To study the impact of mesoscopic magnetic susceptibility heterogeneity on chemical shift-encoded (CSE) proton density fat-fraction (PDFF) quantification in muscular dystrophies, a subgroup of neuromuscular disorders.

In MRI, extramyocellular lipid deposits induce orientation-dependent Larmor frequency variations due to microstructural anisotropy, resulting in spatially varying frequency shifts between fat and water and increased transverse relaxation rates. A newly developed PDFF quantification method accounting for resonance shifts and dual R₂* rates was applied on standard 6-point CSE acquisitions of Duchenne (n = 15), Becker (n = 31), and facioscapulohumeral (n = 30) muscular dystrophy patients, and control subjects (n = 40). The impact of frequency shifts, decay functions, and lipid models on PDFF estimation was systematically assessed.

Accounting for resonance shifts resulted in large PDFF quantification differences compared to a reference method (-3.8% [-14.8%, 7.2%]), significantly improved fitting quality (Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) difference ≥ 10), and reduced fat/water separation artifacts, confirming predictions by numerical simulations. Bias and variability due to the lipid model were reduced to less than 1%. Fitting quality in high R₂* regions was further improved using a dual relaxation model with linear/quadratic decay (BIC difference ≥ 2). Sensitivity to change was improved on the tested cohorts (SRM increased by 0.18). DTI-estimated angular dependencies reflected theoretical and numerical predictions for elongated axially symmetric lipid deposits.

The proposed approach improvements could enhance the PDFF quantification reliability in neuromuscular disorders studies and support more accurate monitoring of myosteatosis.