A Case Series of Oral Cancer: An Enigma to Diagnosing Clinicians

Oral cancer is one of the most common health hazards encountered among the South Asian population. Oral cancer ranks sixth among other cancers worldwide. The risk factors for oral cancer are usually multifactorial, and the distribution of oral cancer varies according to ethnic origin. Risk factors for oral cancer include tobacco use (smoking and chewing), excessive alcohol consumption, betel nut chewing, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables. Oral cancer significantly impacts both the quality of life and the survival of affected individuals. Oral cancer refers to cancers that develop in the tissues of the mouth or throat, including the lips, tongue, gums, floor of the mouth, and roof of the mouth. It can manifest as a sore, lump, or ulcer in the mouth that does not heal, difficulty or pain with swallowing, persistent mouth pain, or changes in voice. Early detection and treatment of oral cancers are crucial for improving outcomes in oral cancer patients. Unfortunately, many cases are diagnosed at advanced stages, which reduces the chances of successful treatment and increases morbidity and mortality rates. Dentists and healthcare providers play a critical role in the early detection of oral cancer through regular screenings, especially in high-risk individuals. Early detected stage I cancer has a better prognosis than newly diagnosed stage III or stage IV cancer, which usually affects quality of life, resulting in poor survival and mortality. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical features of oral cancer in different regions of the oral cavity and the importance of early diagnosis of this neglected entity.