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Mortality Trends for Infant Intracranial Hemorrhage in the United States, 1999-2020: A 22-year Analysis

Muhammad Shaheer Ahmad1, Sarmad Imran2, Warda Shahzad2

  • 1Muhammad Shaheer Ahmad, House officer, Department of Medicine, CMH Lahore Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan.

Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners
|August 14, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Infant deaths from intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) have declined significantly since 2003. However, disparities persist among different demographic groups, highlighting the need for equitable infant care.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a significant cause of infant mortality and neurodevelopmental issues.
  • National trends and demographic disparities in infant ICH mortality are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze national mortality trends and demographic disparities in infant intracranial hemorrhage (ICH).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of the CDC WONDER Multiple Cause of Death database (1999-2020).
  • Identified infant deaths with ICH (ICD-10 P52) as a cause.
  • Calculated mortality rates and used Joinpoint regression to assess trends.

Main Results:

  • 20,544 infant ICH deaths recorded from 1999-2020.
  • Overall mortality rate declined from 31.57 (2003) to 17.32 (2020) per 100,000 live births (AAPC -2.51%).
  • Disparities observed in mortality rates by sex, race (highest in Non-Hispanic Blacks), region (highest in Southern states), and urbanization.

Conclusions:

  • Infant ICH mortality has substantially decreased nationwide.
  • Persistent disparities by sex, race, region, and urbanization necessitate equitable maternal and infant healthcare.
Abstract

Keywords:
Intracranial hemorrhageshealth status disparitiesinfantinfant mortalitynewborn

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