Synergizing conventional and unconventional water to promote water resources spatial equilibrium: An integrated...

Area of Science:

• Environmental Science
• Water Resource Management
• Spatial Equilibrium Studies

Background:

• Traditional water sources are insufficient for growing demands.
• Unconventional water sources are vital for water resource spatial equilibrium (WRSE).
• Synergistic use of conventional and unconventional water is key to sustainable water management.

Purpose of the Study:

• To examine the formation, measurement, and improvement of WRSE.
• To analyze the synergistic use of conventional and unconventional water.
• To identify key factors and constraints for enhancing WRSE in China.

Main Methods:

• Compatibility index model
• Set pair analysis
• Coupling coordination degree model
• Interpretable machine learning (GWRF-SHAP)
• Obstacle degree model

Main Results:

• China's WRSE increased by 46.15% from 2010-2023, with rapid improvement in conventional and unconventional water coordination.
• Water synergy is significantly higher in Northern China compared to Southern China.
• Ecological protection, wastewater reuse, industrial efficiency, and unconventional water expansion are key drivers for WRSE improvement.

Conclusions:

• Insufficient coordination between conventional and unconventional water sources is the primary constraint on WRSE, especially in Northern China.
• Targeted strategies focusing on ecological protection and water reuse are crucial for enhancing WRSE.
• Optimizing the synergistic use of diverse water resources is essential for China's water security.