Real-world use of large language models for mental health in 2024

The extent to which people use general-purpose large language models (LLMs) for their mental health is unknown. Information about use patterns is important for clinicians, developers, and regulators. We surveyed U.S. adults (n = 1871) between August and October 2024 using stratified sampling across age, sex, and race/ethnicity to approximate national demographics. We found that 24% of participants use LLMs for mental health; they are disproportionately young, male, and Black, and have poor mental health. Participants reported difficulty accessing traditional treatment and using LLMs because they are free, convenient, and available. They report using LLMs for emotional support, learning therapy skills, and supplementing existing therapy. Using Pew-reported estimates of population LLM use, we conservatively estimate that as of 2024, 14-18 million U.S. adults may have been using LLMs for mental health. This work highlights the need for monitoring and evaluation to understand the potential harms and benefits of such use.