Elucidating Norrish type I reactive pathways by ultrafast X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Norrish type I reactions selectively cleave carbon-carbon bonds directly adjacent to carbonyl groups. Despite their broad use in combination with aromatic carbonyls for additive manufacturing and dental UV curing applications, the nature of the photochemically active state and its population mechanism remain insufficiently understood. Detailed mechanistic insight requires mapping of the photoexcited population flow involving internal conversion and intersystem crossing. We present a time-domain study of gas phase acetophenone as a prototypical aromatic carbonyl combining soft X-ray time-resolved near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (TR-NEXAFS) spectroscopy at the oxygen K-edge with ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) simulations. Exploiting the specific sensitivity of TR-NEXAFS spectroscopy to states with nπ* character, we observe population transfer from the initially excited ¹ππ* state to the ¹nπ* state with a time constant of (0.13 ± 0.02) ps after an initial induction period of (0.12 ± 0.02) ps without population transfer, in quantitative agreement with the AIMS simulations. The population in the ¹nπ* state subsequently decays via intersystem crossing, likely mediated by a ³ππ* state, within (3.17 ± 0.66) ps to a long-lived ³nπ* state, which is presumed to be active towards Norrish type I chemistry.