ACADEMIC ENGAGEMENT AS A CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGE IN HIGHER EDUCATION: TOWARD A FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATIVE MODEL

Academic engagement has emerged as a central construct in higher education research, increasingly positioned as an integrative indicator of educational quality and long-term student outcomes. Despite exponential growth in engagement-related publications, the field remains theoretically fragmented, with models focusing on isolated components rather than the functional interrelations among motivational, regulatory, psychophysiological, and contextual factors. This article presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis and proposes a functional integrative model of academic engagement. Through systematic review of theoretical traditions-including involvement theory, motivational frameworks, self-determination theory, social-cognitive approaches, and psychosocial perspectives-we synthesize current knowledge and identify critical gaps. The proposed model conceptualizes engagement as a dynamic processual mechanism linking predisposing resources (psychological, psychophysiological, and educational), mediating processes (motivational, self-regulatory, and affective-regulatory systems), moderating contextual conditions (institutional, instructional, and social factors), and developmental outcomes (academic, psychological, and professional). The model specifies functional relationships among components, distinguishes between initiating and sustaining mechanisms, and positions well-being as both outcome and resource. This framework provides theoretical grounding for future empirical research and offers strategic guidance for educational practice aimed at fostering sustainable engagement, student well-being, and long-term professional development.