Effect of predatory pressure on behavior of termite Reticulitermes chinensis

Predation risk can shape prey behavior as strongly as direct killing, yet the non-lethal effects of predators on termites remain largely unknown. Current study investigated how chemical, contact, and soil-derived cues from fire ant Solenopsis invicta affect the behavior and physiology of termite Reticulitermes chinensis. Termites exposed to ant-derived cues elicited significantly elevated allogrooming, trophallaxis, vibration, and avoidance behaviors by nestmates. Burial and cannibalism responses toward cadavers bearing predator cues were also significantly enhanced. Locomotion assays revealed reduced distance traveled and velocity, coupled with increased turn angle and angular velocity, indicating disrupted orientation under predator-associated stress. Predator cues further inhibited foraging by decreasing visits to the food zone and increasing time spent in inner zones. Biochemically, termites exposed to S. invicta cues exhibited significant upregulation of catalase (CAT) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), suggesting a potential activation of oxidative stress-related responses. These findings show that R. chinensis can detect predator presence through non-contact cues and respond with coordinated behavioral and physiological responses. The study highlights the ecological significance of non-consumptive predator effects in termites and provides new insight into how social insect colonies regulate risk through integrated social and oxidative stress responses.