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Modifiable risk factors for mortality across life course: a pooled population-based cohort study
Shimin Chen1,2, Shengshu Wang2, Bin He3,4
1Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China.
Background:
China's rapid aging has exposed gaps in understanding life-course modifiable mortality risk factors, especially in the oldest-old.
Methods:
This pooled cohort study analyzed 11 modifiable risk factors across age groups (30-49, 50-59, 60-79, 80-99, ≥100 years) using data from the China Kadoorie Biobank, China Hainan Centenarian Cohort Study, and Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. A modifiable risk factor score summed present factors. Cox models adjusted for age, sex, and other factors estimated age-stratified associations; hazard ratios (HRs) and population attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated for all-cause mortality.
Results:
Among 61,045 participants followed for mean 3.79-13.20 years, mortality rates were 6.45-169.52 per 1,000 person-years. A higher modifiable risk factor score was associated with increased mortality from middle age to centenarians (HR 1.11 [1.01-1.21] to 1.31 [1.21-1.36]). Metabolic risk factors attenuated with age: HR 1.43 (1.14-1.80) in middle-aged adults to 1.07 (0.99-1.17) in centenarians; diabetes and hypertension dominated this cluster. Hypertension-attributable mortality peaked at 16.2% (8.3-22.6%) in presenium, declining to 0.6% and 0.1% in advanced longevity groups. Conversely, low educational attainment showed increasing mortality impact with age (HR 1.55 [1.13-2.14] to 1.74 [1.01-3.01]; PAF 6.4%-30.8%); physical inactivity contributed significantly in both middle-aged adults and centenarians.
Conclusions:
Life-course stratification reveals dynamic transitions: metabolic burdens diminish while socio-behavioral risks intensify with longevity, supporting age-specific prevention strategies to optimize healthy aging.
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