A systematic review of pathogens in the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus): What about vector-borne pathogens?

The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), once considered the most endangered felid species worldwide, has experienced a remarkable recovery through intensive conservation efforts. Its small population size and low genetic diversity render it particularly vulnerable to infectious diseases, including those transmitted by arthropod vectors. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the current knowledge on pathogens investigated in the Iberian lynx, with a focus on vector-borne pathogens. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, yielding 43 studies published between 1998 and 2024. Among these studies, parasites were the most frequently studied pathogens (58.1%), followed by viruses (30.2%), bacteria (23.3%), and fungi (7.0%). Of the 74 pathogens included in these studies, 70 were reported in the Iberian lynx. Many of the pathogens detected in this species are of concern not only for its conservation, but also for animal and public health. The percentage of publications addressing vector-borne pathogens was 18.6% (8/43). Vector-borne bacteria such as Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella henselae, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum, Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis, Ehrlichia spp. and Mycoplasma haemofelis, as well as protozoa (Cytauxzoon spp., Leishmania infantum) and helminths (Dirofilaria immitis), have been detected in Iberian lynx populations. Despite the identification of multiple ectoparasite species, data on pathogens they harbour remain scarce, and no studies have investigated vector-borne viruses. Comprehensive monitoring of vector-borne pathogens should be considered to improve understanding of pathogen exposure and their potential clinical impact on Iberian lynx populations.