Ginseng as a Functional Food Intervention for Interstitial Lung Disease: A Review of the Benefits and Molecular...

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) encompasses a complex group of disorders primarily characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the pulmonary interstitium. Affected individuals often present with dyspnea and cough, and their quality of life is markedly reduced. Given the limitations of current health management strategies, there is growing interest in exploring adjunctive supportive approaches based on functional foods. Ginseng, a traditional medicinal and edible plant, has a long history of consumption in East Asia. Studies have shown that ginseng and its major bioactive constituents, such as ginsenosides, exert beneficial regulatory effects on lung health by modulating key signaling pathways, including TGF-β/Smad, NF-κB, Nrf2/HO-1, and MAPK. These effects primarily involve health-promoting properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. From the perspective of food science and nutrition, this article systematically reviews the regulatory mechanisms through which ginseng and its active components influence pathological processes related to ILD. It also discusses its traditional use as a functional food, dietary exposure, safety, and intake considerations. Current evidence from preclinical studies and early-stage population-based investigations supports the potential of ginseng as a supportive dietary component for maintaining lung health. Future research should include well-designed nutritional studies to clarify its specific role in health management and to establish appropriate intake regimens.