Research progress on the regulation of miRNAs in diabetic kidney disease and osteoporosis

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) stands as one of the most prevalent chronic complications associated with diabetes mellitus. Conversely, osteoporosis (OP) represents another widespread metabolic bone disorder, one that exerts a substantial negative impact on the quality of life among diabetic populations. Together, these two conditions constitute significant threats to patient well-being. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of endogenous non-coding RNA molecules typically around 22 nucleotides in length, exert pivotal regulatory functions across diverse physiological processes. These include critical cellular events such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and metabolic homeostasis. From the perspective of accumulating evidence, miRNAs have emerged as key regulators in the pathological mechanisms underlying both DKD and OP. Their influence on disease progression is mediated through the intricate modulation of key signaling pathways and target genes. The present review aims to synthesize the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms, target gene profiles, and pertinent research advancements concerning miRNAs in diabetic nephropathy and osteoporosis. Furthermore, it attempts to consolidate the repertoire of miRNAs exhibiting potential therapeutic implications in both conditions. This work seeks to offer novel insights and actionable strategies for the early diagnosis, therapeutic intervention, and prognostic evaluation of patients suffering from DKD complicated with OP.