Phantom limb pain and associated factors in traumatic amputees: A cross-sectional study

Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a common and distressing condition following limb amputation. While vascular and diabetic etiologies are predominate in most cohorts, evidence on PLP in traumatic amputees-particularly those with injuries caused by firearms and landmine explosions- remains limited.

This cross-sectional study included 85 traumatic amputees [mean age 35.2 (11.0) years], rehabilitated at a tertiary rehabilitation hospital. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. The presence and severity of PLP were assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and pain descriptors, frequency, and modifying factors were documented. Correlation analyses were performed to examine factors associated with PLP severity, pain frequency, and impact on daily life RESULTS: PLP was reported in 61% of participants (n = 52), with a mean VAS score of 6.46 (2.38). Firearm injuries (49%) and landmine-related trauma (39%) were the leading causes of amputation, followed by natural disasters (8%) and traffic accidents (4%). Correlation analyses demonstrated a weak positive association between age and PLP severity (r = 0.279, p = 0.045). No significant associations were identified between the evaluated clinical variables and pain frequency or impact on daily life.

PLP is highly prevalent among traumatic amputees. Although age showed a weak positive correlation with PLP severity, no consistent associations were identified between the examined clinical variables and other PLP-related outcomes. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to better clarify factors associated with PLP in traumatic amputees.