The silent threat of microplastics: their impact on digestion and potential of co-carcinogenesis

Microplastic fibers (MPF) are released into the environment through washing synthetic fabrics. Other sources of microplastic (MP) particles include the decomposition of large-scale plastic waste, agricultural practices, plastic litter, and the use of personal care products. These persistent pollutants accumulate in both terrestrial and aquatic environments, posing a serious threat to the environment and human health. The bioaccumulation of fibers from contaminated food, water, and air can lead to chronic health problems, highlighting the importance of understanding their potential health impacts. Therefore, this review measured the potential risks of exposure to MPFs and MP particles for both humans and animals and assessed their effects on the digestive system and potential cancer risk. The review results indicated that MPFs and MP particles damage vital organs such as the stomach, liver, spleen, and pancreas, interfering with digestion and inhibiting nutrient absorption. MPs act as non-mutagenic co-carcinogens by increasing cell division, interfering with endocrine function and down-regulating DNA repair. MPFs promote carcinogenic processes through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, DNA damage and chronic inflammation while also facilitating the transport of toxic substances. By disrupting the digestive process, aiding the carriage of toxins and promoting carcinogenic processes, MPFs and MP particles impose serious health risks on both humans and animals. These findings emphasize the urgent need for efficient mitigation strategies to reduce their environmental presence and associated health impacts.