MtvS1 and MtvS2 Interact with RNA Polymerase to Regulate the Francisella Type V-A CRISPR-Cas System

Bacteria and archaea often harbor multiple CRISPR-Cas loci to defend against mobile genetic elements. Little is known, however, about whether and how different CRISPR-Cas systems are differentially regulated, in many instances due to the impossibility of studying CRISPR immunity in native hosts. Here we investigated the regulation of the endogenous type II-B and type V-A CRISPR-Cas systems present in the opportunistic human pathogen Francisella novicida U112. We found that while the type II-B system is constitutively expressed, the type V-A system is differentially expressed at stationary phase and high cell density. We identified MtvS1 and MtvS2 as factors required for this regulation, as well as for the modulation of many additional genes in stationary phase, some of which are required for Francisella virulence. Both Francisella MtvS proteins bind to RNA polymerase. MtvS1 is predicted to interact with the β' subunit of the RNA polymerase, and MtvS2 with multiple RNA polymerase subunits as well as MtvS1. We propose that MtvS1 and MtvS2 constitute noncanonical alternative sigma factors involved in the regulation of the expression of the type V-A CRISPR locus and other genes in Francisella. Last, we show that the MtvS1 homolog YgfB is required for expression of the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system in E. coli, a result that suggests a broader role in gene regulation for these alternative sigma factors.