Piezo channels in physical field therapy: From mechanotransduction mechanisms to bioelectromagnetic modulation and...

The Piezo family of mechanosensitive ion channels serves as the primary molecular transducer that converts mechanical stimuli into electrochemical signals in living organisms, marking a pivotal breakthrough in mechanobiology. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in Piezo channel research, with a specific focus on the Piezo1, from the novel perspective of physical field therapy. We first describe the unique trimeric "propeller-nano-bowl" architecture of Piezo channels and their gating mechanisms, which rely on membrane tension sensing and a lever-like mechanical amplification principle. Next, we comprehensively explore the physiological roles of Piezo-mediated signaling in core systems, including the skeletal, cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems, and elucidate their pathophysiological implications in diseases such as genetic disorders, osteoarthritis, and cancer. Finally, we highlight cutting-edge bioelectromagnetic intervention strategies, including the use of ultrasound and magnetic fields for non-invasive modulation of Piezo activity, as well as the application of piezoelectric biomaterials designed to mimic Piezo functions for tissue regeneration, neuromodulation, and targeted drug delivery.