Biomonitoring trace metal deposition with Ligustrum lucidum: Albanian fire incidents

Passive air-quality biomonitoring using Ligustrum lucidum leaves was employed in this study. Air quality is particularly affected during fire incidents, which worsen its quality. This study aims to assess the concentration and spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements in the Elbasan area following two accidental fires, one at an industrial waste site and the other at the urban landfill. To address the air quality, a sampling network of 14 sites distributed across urban, industrial, and rural land-use areas was applied. Ligustrum lucidum leaves were collected 2 weeks after the fire incidents. Concentrations of elements in leaf samples were determined by the ICP-MS instrumental method. Statistical analysis and mapping were used to assess the concentrations and spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements across the study area. Al, V, Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn displayed low to moderate variability, suggesting a consistent state in the study area. Cr, Co, Ni, As, and Sb showed very high variability and several outliers in industrial sites. Cluster analysis separated elements into two main clusters: one clustered Al, Cr, Ni, Co, and Cu, and the other clustered V, Fe, Cd, As, Pb, Sb, and Zn. It was demonstrated that passive biomonitoring by evergreen higher plant leaves is an effective method for monitoring air quality in heavily polluted zones, including fire scenarios. The findings of this research can increase the sensitivity of the public to the adverse effects of fire incidents. Decision-makers need to develop effective strategies for improving environmental safety and urban air quality.