Precision management of gastrointestinal tumor-associated osteoporosis driven by cutting-edge technologies: Current...

Gastrointestinal tumor-associated osteoporosis (GTO) is defined as secondary osteoporosis in patients with gastrointestinal tumors caused by tumorderived factors, chemotherapy, surgery, or malabsorption; it is an underrecognized but clinically significant complication that adversely affects skeletal health, treatment adherence, quality of life, and longterm prognosis. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial and involves a metabolic imbalance in the tumor microenvironment, antitumor therapy-related bone toxicity, and nutrient malabsorption caused by gastrointestinal dysfunction. These factors collectively increase the risk of skeletal-related events and worsen clinical outcomes. The aim of this review is to systematically evaluate the methodological quality, clinical validity, and translational evidence of cutting-edge technologies in GTO precision management and to clarify key methodological gaps and standardized directions for future research. In recent years, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), nanotargeted drug delivery systems, and multiomics approaches have provided new opportunities for the precision management of GTO. This review summarizes their current applications in AI-assisted early screening and risk prediction, nanoenabled targeted bone protection, and multiomics-based mechanistic exploration of the tumor-bone-gut axis. It also discusses major barriers to clinical translation, including limited AI generalizability, nanomedicine safety and manufacturing challenges, difficulties in multidimensional data integration and standardization, imperfect multidisciplinary collaboration, and ethical concerns. Overall, these technologies are expected to drive the transition of GTO management from empirical practice to precision medicine and ultimately improve long-term patient outcomes.