Polygenic risk meets early trauma: toward a neuropsychodevelopmental model of schizophrenia

Advances in psychiatric genetics have substantially reshaped current models of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, shifting the focus from single risk factors to polygenic liability and its interaction with environmental adversity. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) provide a quantitative index of genetic vulnerability; however, how this liability interfaces with early-life stress-particularly childhood trauma-across neurodevelopment remains insufficiently conceptualized. Accumulating evidence indicates that the interplay between polygenic risk and childhood trauma influences not only the likelihood of psychosis onset but also the emergence of specific symptom dimensions during clinical high-risk states and early stages of illness. Yet, existing theoretical frameworks tend to consider genetic predisposition and environmental exposure as parallel or additive processes, offering limited insight into their developmental convergence. In this Perspective, we examine current neurodevelopmental models of schizophrenia and integrate them within a unified framework, proposing that polygenic liability, environmental exposures (including early trauma), and psychological processes interact dynamically and bidirectionally across sensitive developmental windows, shaping distinct neuropsychodevelopmental trajectories. Integrating polygenic, environmental, and developmental domains within a unified neuropsychodevelopmental framework may help explain clinical heterogeneity, with important implications for early identification, risk stratification, and personalized preventive strategies.