Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2026

Quantifying Food Intake in Caenorhabditis elegans by Measuring Bacterial Clearance
07:05

Quantifying Food Intake in Caenorhabditis elegans by Measuring Bacterial Clearance

Published on: February 23, 2024

Circulating C-peptide as an independent predictor of HFpEF: influence of cardiometabolic risk beyond diabetes

Susanna Longo1,2, Alessandro Nucera3, Giacomo Piciucchi3

  • 1Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy. susanna.longo@uniroma2.it.

Acta Diabetologica
|August 21, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex condition influenced by metabolic issues. Understanding these metabolic comorbidities is key to improving HFpEF patient care and treatment strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a heterogeneous syndrome with diastolic dysfunction and preserved ejection fraction.
  • HFpEF is increasingly viewed as a multisystem disorder driven by comorbidities, leading to diverse clinical phenotypes.
  • Metabolic comorbidities like obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension are common in HFpEF, potentially defining a cardiometabolic HFpEF (cmHFpEF) phenotype.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying HFpEF.
  • To examine the role of cardiometabolic risk burden in HFpEF heterogeneity.
  • To inform future phenotyping strategies and therapeutic approaches for HFpEF.

Main Methods:

  • The study focused on analyzing the pathophysiological mechanisms of HFpEF.
  • Emphasis was placed on the contribution of cardiometabolic risk factors.
  • Investigated the link between comorbidities and HFpEF phenotypes.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic comorbidities significantly contribute to HFpEF heterogeneity.
  • The cardiometabolic HFpEF (cmHFpEF) phenotype is associated with more severe symptoms and poorer quality of life.
  • Coexisting metabolic conditions exacerbate multisystem changes, worsen prognosis, and limit treatment efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiometabolic risk is a major driver of HFpEF phenotypical diversity.
  • Future research should focus on stratifying HFpEF patients based on metabolic profiles.
  • Targeting metabolic comorbidities may offer novel therapeutic strategies for HFpEF.

Keywords:
C-peptideCardiometabolic riskEndogenous insulin secretionHFpEFPhenotypic heterogeneityType 2 diabetes

Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...