Nutritional Strategies for Targeting Biological Age

Biological age represents a quantifiable measure of physiological health that can be assessed using molecular biomarkers and potentially modulated through interventions. This review examines nutritional strategies affecting biological age in model organisms and humans, emphasizing recent clinical trials employing composite omics-based aging biomarkers. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that caloric restriction, Mediterranean diet, intermittent fasting (IF), and micronutrient supplementation are associated with reduced biological age, while obesity, inflammatory dietary patterns, and malnutrition are associated with accelerated aging across certain populations and measurement platforms. Substantial challenges remain in clinical translation, including difficulties extrapolating from animal models and heterogeneity in intervention responses. Proteomic analyses further reveal that organ systems may age at heterogeneous rates, with dietary patterns differentially affecting organ-specific aging trajectories. This complexity underscores both the promise of precision nutrition approaches tailored to individual characteristics and the need for improved adherence to evidence-based dietary recommendations that measurably influence biological age and age-related disease risk.