Epidemiological characterization of snakebite in Colombia, 2017-2023

Snakebite is a neglected public health problem worldwide, particularly in tropical countries such as Colombia.

This study aims to describe the epidemiological characteristics of snakebite cases in Colombia between 2017 and 2023.

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using data from the National Public Health Surveillance System (SIVIGILA). A total of 37,204 snakebite cases were analyzed after exclusions. Sociodemographic, geographic, and healthcare variables were examined using descriptive statistics for the 2017-2023 period. Municipal-level associations were assessed using regression models based on 2018 census data.

Most cases occurred in young and adult men living in rural areas, with low socioeconomic status and enrolled in the subsidized health system. The highest incidence rates were observed in Amazonian departments such as Vaupés, Guaviare, and Amazonas. Although most patients received care within 24 h, delays were still identified in some cases. Municipal-level regression analysis (based on 2018 census data) showed that higher snakebite incidence at the municipal level was significantly associated with structural and demographic factors. For every 10-percentage-point increase in the proportion of floors made of earth, wood, or cement, the incidence rate was 47% higher (IRR: 1.47). Similarly, a 10-percentage-point increase in households without electricity was associated with an 18% higher incidence rate (IRR: 1.18), and a 10-percentage-point increase in rural population with a 17% higher incidence rate (IRR: 1.17).

Strengthening surveillance systems and prioritizing prevention strategies in vulnerable rural populations are essential to reduce the burden of snakebite in Colombia.