Harnessing diet to modulate inflammation and symptom progression in endometriosis

Endometriosis (EMS) is an estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease affecting 10% of reproductive-age women, with up to 50% experiencing infertility. As primary care providers (PCPs) are often the first point of care, understanding dietary factors that influence EMS is crucial. This integrative review identifies dietary components that can modulate the inflammatory environment in EMS. Polyphenols like quercetin, apigenin, and curcumin demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects by inhibiting key mediators like prostaglandins, cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases. Phytoestrogens, vitamins (A, C, D, E), and minerals (magnesium, selenium, zinc) also exhibited protective effects by reducing oxidative stress and modulating immune function. Conversely, omega-6 fatty acids, trans fats, high glycemic index foods, and red meat consumption were associated with increased inflammation and EMS risk. Increasing intake of fruits, vegetables, omega-3 fatty acids, and dairy products may help alleviate EMS symptoms and progression. These dietary insights can empower PCPs to provide holistic, preventive care for EMS patients, even in areas that lack specialized resources.