Generation of Fibrin-Based Three-Dimensional Engineered Vascular Tissues from Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells for...

Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) reside within the medial layer of blood vessels, where they interact with an extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans to maintain vascular structure and function. Aberrant ECM remodeling contributes to multiple vascular diseases; however, conventional two-dimensional culture systems do not adequately recapitulate the three-dimensional (3D) cellular and matrix environment required to study SMC-ECM interactions and matrix remodeling. This protocol describes the generation of engineered vascular tissues (EVTs) from primary human aortic SMCs cultured within fibrin-based 3D hydrogels. Following casting between flexible polydimethylsiloxane posts, EVTs undergo cellular alignment, contraction, and deposit de novo ECM, providing a physiologically relevant platform for studying vascular matrix biology. The protocol details tissue fabrication, culture, harvesting, and downstream analysis of newly deposited ECM by immunofluorescence staining. In addition, a workflow is presented for qualitative and quantitative characterization of EVT-derived proteins using Western blotting and mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Sequential protein extraction enables assessment of soluble and ECM-enriched protein fractions, facilitating in-depth evaluation of ECM composition. This platform provides a reproducible approach for investigating ECM production and remodeling by human SMCs in a 3D environment.