Light-Induced Cancer Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are promising light-induced approaches for cancer treatment. This article outlines the historical development of PDT and summarizes the underlying photophysical and photochemical mechanisms responsible for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and tumour destruction. Major classes of clinically approved and emerging photosensitizers (PSs) are discussed together with important design criteria and current limitations. In addition, the principles of PTT, including its oxygen-independent mechanism and major classes of photothermal agents (PTAs), are presented. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives regarding selectivity, tissue penetration, biocompatibility, and clinical translation of light-induced therapies are highlighted.