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Updated: Aug 25, 2026

Retroviral Overexpression of CXCR4 on Murine B-1a Cells and Adoptive Transfer for Targeted B-1a Cell Migration to the Bone Marrow and IgM Production
Published on: May 31, 2020
B1 Cells for Life
1Department of Investigative Medicine, Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA.
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B cells are recognized and appreciated as (the only) immune system elements that produce antibodies. However, B cells are not all the same, and subpopulations differ in many respects. A particularly intriguing and consequential B cell subpopulation is designated B1 cells. B1 cells arise early in development, persist in life via self-renewal, and generate so-called "natural" antibodies spontaneously and continuously with unique characteristics and targets. The journey of B1 cell discovery began almost half a century ago in mice. Within just the last 15 years, the characteristics of mouse B1 cells were used to identify B1 cells in people. Human B1 cell antibodies provide defense against microbial pathogens and homeostatic control of toxic byproducts and cellular debris. However, B1 cells decline in number and function with advancing age, suggesting this loss may underlie the increased risk of older individuals to infectious disease, as well as several chronic diseases of aging (the Rheostat Hypothesis).
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