Effort-reward imbalance at work and home: Longitudinal research with continuous time modeling

Although the adverse effects of failed reciprocity between efforts and reward (effort-reward imbalance [ERI]) are well-established, research has predominantly focused on ERI experienced in the work domain. The extant literature is also mute on the dynamic relationships between ERI and various outcomes. Addressing these shortcomings, we conducted two longitudinal studies-a six-wave monthly study (N = 311) and an eight-wave weekly study (N = 937)-to examine Work and Home ERI as dynamic constructs. Based on the ERI theory, we hypothesized significant within-person, within-domain relationships between ERI and well-being (exhaustion) and performance (job and family performance) outcomes. We also explored cross-domain relationships between Work/Home ERI and home/work outcomes. Data were analyzed using random-intercept cross-lagged panel models with continuous time structural equation modeling. Contrary to hypotheses, the lagged effects of Work and Home ERI on most outcomes were not significant, both within and across domains, which was largely consistent across the two studies. In light of the extant literature, our results suggest that ERI may function primarily as a chronic rather than acute stressor, with well-being and functional consequences emerging only after sustained exposure. In sum, our research calls for further investigation to better understand when and how ERI becomes detrimental. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).