Ageing in Unani medicine: Conceptual framework and modulatory approaches

In Unani medicine, the sustenance of life and the ageing process are largely attributed to the gradual depletion of Ruṭūbat Gharīziyya (innate moisture), which weakens Ḥarārat Gharīziyya (innate heat), impairs Quwā (all faculties) of the body, and shifts Mizāj (temperament) towards coldness and dryness. These changes lead to impaired digestion, defective Akhlāṭ (humour) formation, increased Taḥallul (wear and tear), and accelerated senescence. This literature review examines how the balance of these principles, together with Aab Sitta Ḍaruriyya (six essential factors), influences vitality and healthy ageing. It employs a qualitative review of classical Unani texts alongside modern biomedical literature, integrating traditional metabolic concepts with contemporary perspectives on oxidative balance and degeneration. The findings indicate that Unani medicine advocates a comprehensive, holistic approach, encompassing regimental therapies, dietary modifications, and pharmacological interventions with antioxidant properties, to maintain internal homeostasis and promote healthy ageing and health span. However, the evidence remains largely theoretical, underscoring the need for rigorous mechanistic and clinical studies to facilitate integration into modern geriatric care.