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Updated: Aug 26, 2026
Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
Published on: November 6, 2017
Retinal microstructural alterations as early phenotypes of depression in radiogenomics analysis
Shilei Wang1, Shuling Ye1, Ming Feng1
1National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; State Key Laboratory of Eye Health, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
Background:
With the increasing prevalence of depression, there is an urgent clinical need for early screening in depression. The retina offers a promising window for early screening in depression due to its rapid, non-invasive, objective, eye-brain correlated characteristics, but previous research has yielded conflicting alterations in retinal microstructure in depression.
Methods:
We screened retinal optical coherence tomography and brain magnetic resonance imaging data in the UK Biobank to enroll 23,225 participants for retinal study of depression occurrence, and 1475 participants for the eye-brain association study. We also used genetic data (ID: ebi-a-GCST90014267 and ukb-d-20,448) from the Integrative Epidemiology Unit Open Genome-Wide Association Study for Mendelian randomization analysis. We used Cox regression to assess the association between retinal microstructure and depression risk, Mendelian randomization to infer causality, and mediation analysis to explore retina-brain pathway association.
Results:
The Cox regression analysis showed that retinal ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness remained a significant predictor of depression. The Mendelian randomization analysis indicated a positive statistical association between GCIPL thickness and depression. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation (all p < 0.001) between the volume of specific depression-related brain regions and the GCIPL thickness. Adjusting for age, sex, and head size, the mediation analysis provided preliminary evidence for a potential anatomical pathway linking retinal GCIPL thickness to depression-related brain regions through primary visual cortex and secondary visual cortex volumes.
Conclusion:
Thickened retinal GCIPL is a potential early phenotype of depression and has a potential association pathway with depression-related brain regions using a radiogenomics approach.
