[Research progress on the role and mechanism of ketogenic diet in regulating gametogenesis]

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a specialized dietary regimen characterized by high fat, adequate protein and low carbohydrate content. In recent years, KD has garnered increasing attention in the field of reproductive health due to its metabolic regulatory effects. Gametogenesis is a key process in reproduction, and the maintenance of its homeostasis is essential for normal reproductive function. However, the regulatory role of KD in gametogenesis and the underlying mechanisms have not been systematically summarized, and the relevant research findings remain controversial. KD exerts certain protective effects on gametogenesis; nevertheless, its efficacy in modulating apoptosis and inflammation is limited, and its effects are influenced by basal metabolic status and dietary composition. This review focuses on the impacts of KD on gametogenesis, addressing both spermatogenesis and oogenesis. It summarizes recent advances regarding how KD influences gametogenesis through multiple pathways involving oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, hormone levels, cellular energy metabolism and autophagy. Meanwhile, it summarizes the potential mechanisms involved in these effects. In addition, this paper also discusses the limitations of current research and future research directions, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for the clinical application potential and risks of KD in regulating reproductive function, and to offer novel insights for the prevention and treatment of reproductive health-related diseases.