Recent progress in multi-walled carbon nanotube-based anode nanomaterials for high-performance rechargeable batteries

Rechargeable batteries (RBs) have become the dominant technology in the energy storage market due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and versatility in applications ranging from portable electronics to electric vehicles. However, the performance of RBs heavily depends on the anode material in which conventional graphite anodes face limitations in capacity and rate capability. Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-based nanomaterials have emerged as promising high-performance anodes due to their superior electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and large surface area. Herein, recent advancements in MWCNT-based nanomaterials for RB anodes are reviewed, with emphasis on MWCNT modifications using various metals and metal oxides, their electrochemical performance, and the underlying charge-storage mechanisms. The integration of MWCNTs with various active materials such as Si, SnO₂, Fe₃O₄, TiO₂, and Co₃O₄ has significantly improved performance of RBs, particularly in terms of capacity, long-term stability, and charging efficiency. The metal incorporated MWCNT anode nanomaterials consistently demonstrate superior electrochemical behavior compared to traditional anode materials. This review also highlighted key strategies such as doping, hybridization with metal oxides/sulfides, and conductive polymer coatings that enhance Li-ion storage capacity, cycling stability, and performance. Challenges and future perspectives for commercializing MWCNT-based anode materials are also discussed.