Neurodevelopmental outcomes for pediatric ventricular assist device and heart transplant patients in the modern Era

The majority of patients who undergo pediatric ventricular assist device implantation or heart transplant are expected to survive to adulthood. However, there is limited research into what their neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive trajectories will be. This narrative mini review summarizes the literature available, demonstrating the significant burden of neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive difficulties in survivors, and highlights the importance of improving anticoagulation and developmental care in this population aiming for patients to reach their full potential. There is ongoing need for further research, and collaboratives such as the Advanced Cardiac Therapies Improving Outcomes Network can play an integral role in facilitating our understanding of the risk factors and long-term outcomes in this complex and high-risk patient population.