Emotional Experiences of Healthcare Workers in Biomedical Waste Management: A Qualitative Study From North India

Background Biomedical waste management (BMWM) is an essential component of infection prevention and occupational safety within healthcare settings. While existing studies have largely focused on knowledge, compliance, and technical aspects of BMWM, limited evidence exists regarding the emotional experiences of healthcare workers (HCWs) involved in biomedical waste handling. Objective This study aimed to explore the emotional experiences of HCWs involved in BMWM and examine emotional responses across different BMWM workflow stages and HCW cadres. Methods An exploratory qualitative study was conducted among 42 HCWs, including staff nurses, resident doctors, laboratory technicians, and sanitation workers, at a tertiary care teaching hospital in North India between December 2025 and April 2026. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted using an interview guide exploring emotional experiences associated with biomedical waste handling. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results Four major themes emerged from the analysis: (1) fear and anxiety related to occupational exposure, (2) frustration and workplace challenges in BMWM, (3) adaptation, coping, and risk normalisation, and (4) professional responsibility and sense of contribution. Fear and anxiety were particularly prominent during sharps handling and accidental exposure situations, while frustration commonly stemmed from poor segregation practices, inadequate infrastructure, and inconsistent adherence to BMWM protocols. Participants described gradual adaptation to workplace risks over time, although some reported reduced vigilance with repeated exposure. Despite workplace challenges, many HCWs expressed a strong sense of professional responsibility and satisfaction associated with safe waste handling. Emotional experiences varied across workflow stages and HCW cadres. Conclusion HCWs involved in BMWM experience diverse emotional responses shaped by occupational risk, workplace environment, and professional responsibility. Existing BMWM interventions may benefit from integrating emotional preparedness, supportive supervision, and cadre-sensitive occupational health approaches alongside technical training to strengthen both worker wellbeing and safe waste management practices.