Impact of noise power spectrum (NPS) peak frequency on CT radiomics features: a computational phantom study

This study aims to quantify the sensitivity of radiomics features to variations in noise power spectrum (NPS) peak frequency and to develop a robust, physics-driven non-linear correction method to mitigate kernel-induced variability in extracted features. A homogeneous computational phantom was generated to simulate computed tomography (CT) images with varying noise textures. Noise texture was synthesized with NPS peak frequencies () ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 mm^-1across three noise levels (25, 50, and 75 HU). Radiomics features, specifically first order (FO) and gray level cooccurrence matrix (GLCM) were extracted. Four mathematical models were evaluated to characterize the feature dependency on. The second-order polynomial model was selected based on the optimization of Akaike information criterion (AIC), root mean square error (RMSE), and adjustedR-squared. Radiomics features sensitivity was assessed using the coefficient of determination (R²) and the coefficient of variation (COV). A robust correction algorithm was developed to normalize feature values to a reference frequency (= 0.6 mm^-1). The efficacy of the correction was quantified using the percentage improvement (PI) in COV. GLCM features exhibited significantly higher sensitivity toshifts compared to FO features, with a large proportion showing a high coefficient of determination (R²≈ 1) and statistical significancep< 0.05. The second-order polynomial correction effectively mitigated the spatial frequency dependency. Post-correction analysis demonstrated that the number of stable features (COV < 10%) increased across all noise levels. Notably, correction parameters for features like GLCM Correlation were consistent across noise magnitude, whereas features like GLCM Contrast required dose-dependent correction factors. Shifts in NPS peak frequency introduce nonlinear variability in radiomics features, disproportionately affecting GLCM metrics. The proposed second-order polynomial correction successfully harmonizes these features in the post-extraction domain. This approach offers a practical solution for standardizing retrospective multicenter.