Neuropsychological Health in Mixed Martial Arts Fighters and Combat Sport Athletes: A Scoping Review

Despite safety modifications in mixed martial arts (MMA), traumatic brain injuries remain a significant concern across combat sports due to repetitive head impacts sustained during training and competition. While acute physical effects are well described, long-term cognitive, structural, and psychological consequences of repetitive head trauma in MMA, boxing, kickboxing, wrestling, and other combat sports remain understudied. This scoping review aimed to map the existing literature evaluating these consequences in combat sport athletes. A structured search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted in January 2026 for studies published between 2020 and 2025. Eligible studies reported neurocognitive, psychological, structural, or biomarker-related outcomes in athletes exposed to repetitive head trauma. Screening was performed by one reviewer, with final studies reviewed by a second investigator for accuracy and consistency. Consistent with scoping review methodology, no formal critical appraisal was conducted, as the aim was to map the breadth of available evidence rather than evaluate methodological rigor. Twelve studies were included. Executive functions, including processing speed, memory, and inhibitory control, were the most consistently impaired domains. Earlier age of first exposure and greater cumulative head impacts were associated with worse outcomes. Structural alterations, including reduced thalamic and hippocampal volume, and increased depressive symptoms were also reported. Overall, current evidence suggests an association between repetitive head trauma and lasting neuropsychological impairment, highlighting the need for improved monitoring and future longitudinal research.