Integrating human linguistic insights into AI: theory-driven representation for multilingual text-to-speech

This paper explores the integration of human linguistic insights into multilingual text-to-speech (TTS) systems by evaluating the Featurally Underspecified Lexicon (FUL) as a theory-driven input representation. Unlike data-intensive end-to end models, FUL offers a compact, interpretable feature set grounded in phonological principles, enabling scalable and equitable TTS development for low-resource languages. We provide a mapping from language-specific phones to FUL feature vectors via a SAMPA intermediate and incorporate these features into a modified FastSpeech architecture. Experiments were conducted to evaluate their ability to generate native, non-native, and code-mixed speech in English and Mandarin. We ran an experiment with a small dataset and one with a larger dataset, which showed that TTS with FUL features as input could produce intelligible native speech with as little as 8 h of training data; with 100 h of training data, intelligible speech could be generated for a language not present in the training data. The approach further supports code-mixed synthesis while preserving consistent timbre and interpretable phonetic control. These results highlight the potential of theory-driven representations for building efficient, scalable, and linguistically informed TTS systems, demonstrating that phonological features can function as both analytical tools and practical inputs for speech technology.