A System-Level Review of Bio-Inspired Technologies for Next-Generation UAVs: From Aerodynamics to Energy Systems

Despite the rapid proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) across industrial, agricultural, and scientific domains, their deployment remains constrained by limited endurance, aerodynamic inefficiency, and acoustic emissions, all mediated by a shared onboard energy budget. Existing biomimetic UAV reviews have generally treated aerodynamics, structures, sensing, control, and energy systems as parallel topics rather than as interacting components of a unified aerial architecture. Drawing primarily on literature published between 2015 and June 2026 and identified through searches of Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, this review addresses this gap by examining bio-inspired technologies across six principal domains: aeroacoustic and passive flow control, aerodynamic efficiency, multifunctional structural composites, neuromorphic sensing and control, ionic energy storage, and energy harvesting. Its principal contribution is a cross-domain synergy analysis identifying five performance couplings and one structural enabling architecture through which these domains interact physically and functionally. Representative examples include serration-based propeller geometries that can simultaneously reduce noise and power demand; morphing wing surfaces that serve as both aerodynamic structures and triboelectric harvesting substrates; and neuromorphic spiking neural networks that have been reported, in specific event-vision inference benchmarks, to reduce inference energy by three to four orders of magnitude relative to embedded graphics processing unit (GPU)-based implementations. Mechanical harvesting outputs nonetheless remain orders of magnitude below propulsion requirements and are thus positioned as supplementary. Four systemic barriers (unquantified mass-energy balance, undocumented durability, aeroelastic co-design gaps, and heterogeneous metrics) are evaluated, and the resulting synthesis indicates that advancing bio-inspired UAVs requires a transition from structural imitation to functional, system-level biomimetics.