Psychometric Evidence on the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Temporomandibular Disorders: A Scoping Review

Temporomandibular disorders are frequently associated with orofacial pain, functional limitations, and psychosocial factors that may contribute to persistent symptoms. Kinesiophobia, or fear of movement, may influence mandibular function and rehabilitation outcomes. This scoping review aimed to map the available evidence on the psychometric properties and cross-cultural adaptations of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Temporomandibular Disorders (TSK-TMD) and to identify gaps in the current literature. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and the Web of Science Core Collection in March 2026. Reference lists of the included studies were also manually screened. English-language peer-reviewed studies reporting at least one measurement property of the TSK-TMD were included. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist for PROMs by applying the relevant measurement-property boxes and the "worst score counts" principle. The database searches identified 117 records; after removing 56 duplicates, 61 records were screened. Five full-text articles identified through database searching and one additional article identified through manual reference screening met the eligibility criteria, resulting in six included studies. The TSK-TMD appears to be a promising condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure, although measurement error, responsiveness, minimal important change, interpretability, and cross-cultural measurement invariance remain insufficiently investigated.