Attention-Enhanced Multi-Scale Feature-Wise Linear Modulation for Fine-Grained Poisonous Mushroom Image Recognition

Fine-grained poisonous mushroom recognition in natural scenes is challenging because of complex backgrounds, subtle morphological differences, and the limited interpretability of model decisions. To address these challenges, this paper proposes Att-FiLM, an attention-enhanced multi-scale Feature-Wise Linear Modulation network for poisonous mushroom image recognition. The model adopts an asymmetric dual-backbone architecture in which a frozen ConvNeXt-Base branch provides global semantic priors, while a trainable EfficientNet-B0 branch learns local discriminative features. Rather than directly concatenating heterogeneous features, Att-FiLM generates scale and shift parameters from semantic features and performs channel-wise modulation on multi-scale EfficientNet features at Stage 2 and Stage 4. This mechanism enables global semantic information to guide local feature learning while reducing feature redundancy and semantic inconsistency. Experimental results show that Att-FiLM achieves an Accuracy of 95.58% and an F1-score of 0.9455 on the poisonous/edible binary classification task. On the 190-class species-level classification task, it achieves a Top-1 Accuracy of 93.63% and a Macro-F1 of 0.9347. Interpretability analysis further shows that decision-relevant responses are frequently associated with morphologically relevant regions, including gills, annuli, volvae, and cap textures. These results indicate that Att-FiLM provides effective recognition performance together with interpretable decision evidence for mushroom recognition in complex natural scenes.