Research Advances in Gastrodia elata Endophytes: Diversity, Secondary Metabolites and Pharmacological Activities

Gastrodia elata, a medicinal and edible plant of the Orchidaceae family, has a long history of medicinal application and extensive development value in China. Endophytes permanently colonize G. elata and form a stable long-term symbiotic relationship with the host. The secondary metabolites produced by these fungi possess diverse structures and multiple biological activities, which are important sources for discovering novel bioactive ingredients that provide natural materials for screening and developing medicinal compounds. This article reviewed the research and development progress of endophytes associated with G. elata, including endophytes' sources, biological functions, compound classification and pharmacological activities. The results showed that more than 296 secondary metabolites were reported-mainly terpenoids, polyketides, alkaloids, anthraquinones, phenolics-with prominently characterized antifeedant and antibacterial activities. Our work aims to provide scientific references for the in-depth exploration and efficient utilization of G. elata endophytic fungal resources.