Recent Progress in the Synthesis, Design, and Electrochemical Applications of Porphyrin/Phthalocyanine-Based...

The limitations of conventional inorganic electrodes call for organic alternatives for advanced energy storage. Metal-covalent organic frameworks (MCOFs) integrate the metal active sites of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with the high chemical stability imparted by strong covalent bonds in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) while retaining the high specific surface area and tunable porosity of both material classes. Among these, MCOFs constructed from porphyrin and phthalocyanine building units have emerged as a research hotspot in electrochemical energy storage owing to their inherent 18π-conjugated macrocyclic electronic systems, well-defined M-N₄ coordination sites, and potential bipolar charge storage characteristics. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in this class of materials. First, from the perspective of metal center introduction timing, three core synthetic strategies-pre-metallation, simultaneous metallation, and post-metallation-are categorized and evaluated in terms of coordination precision, synthetic efficiency, and scalability potential. Second, the regulatory effects of two-dimensional layered and three-dimensional interpenetrated structures on charge transport pathways and structural stability are elucidated. Subsequently, the applications of porphyrin/phthalocyanine-based MCOFs in lithium-based batteries, zinc-based batteries, sodium/potassium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors are reviewed in detail, with emphasis on the key roles of metal active sites in catalytic conversion, chemical anchoring/confinement, interface stabilization, and pseudocapacitive contribution. Finally, future directions to address key performance and mechanistic bottlenecks are discussed. This review aims to provide a systematic reference for the rational design and energy storage applications of high-performance porphyrin/phthalocyanine-based MCOFs.