Stigmasterol-Stabilized Nanoliposomes Enhance Oral Delivery of Collagen Peptides Through Improved Systemic Exposure...

Collagen peptides (CPs) possess diverse biological activities, yet their oral efficacy is limited by gastrointestinal degradation and restricted systemic exposure of intact bioactive peptide species. Herein, a stable cholesterol-free nanoliposome system was developed using soybean phospholipids and stigmasterol through high-pressure microfluidization, followed by tangential flow filtration and spray drying to obtain a stable dry formulation. The optimized nanoliposomes exhibited a particle size below 100 nm, high peptide loading, excellent redispersibility, and remarkable physicochemical stability during refrigerated storage and under different pH and thermal conditions. During simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the stigmasterol-stabilized phospholipid bilayer effectively preserved encapsulated CPs throughout the gastric phase while facilitating peptide release under intestinal conditions. Oral administration in rats significantly enhanced collagen peptide bioavailability, increasing the plasma exposure (iAUC_{0-8 h}) of total hydroxyproline by 3.84-fold compared with free CPs. Peptide-bound hydroxyproline exposure increased 9.3-fold and accounted for approximately 94% of total absorbed hydroxyproline. UHPLC-HRMS analysis confirmed substantially enhanced systemic exposure of multiple characteristic hydroxyproline-containing dipeptides and tripeptides following nanoliposomal delivery. These findings indicate that stigmasterol-containing nanoliposomes improve the gastrointestinal stability and systemic delivery performance of collagen peptides, providing a promising strategy for enhancing the oral delivery potential of food-derived bioactive peptides.