Metal-Organic Framework-Immobilized Mycotoxin-Degrading Enzymes: Interfaces, Host Design, and Food/Feed Applications

Mycotoxin contamination remains a persistent threat to food and feed safety owing to the chemical stability of many mycotoxins, frequent co-occurrence, and matrix-dependent risks. Enzymatic detoxification enables structure-targeted transformation of toxicity-determining motifs, such as epoxide rings, reactive double bonds, amide linkages, and lactone structures. However, free mycotoxin-degrading enzymes are often constrained by poor operational stability, difficult recovery, and limited adaptability to complex matrices. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) provide programmable microenvironments for enzyme immobilization through tunable pore structures, interfacial chemistry, and confinement effects. This review links toxic structural motifs with enzymatic transformation targets, discusses MOF-enzyme interface engineering and representative host-enzyme compatibility, and evaluates application modes including single-enzyme systems, multi-enzyme co-immobilization or cascade systems, adsorption-degradation coupling, and detection-degradation integration. Key bottlenecks involving enzyme leakage, mass-transfer limitation, real-matrix stability, scalable preparation, and biosafety are critically discussed. Rather than treating MOFs as passive enzyme carriers, this review proposes an application-oriented framework that integrates toxin structure, enzyme function, MOF interface regulation, matrix compatibility, and safety validation to guide the development of MOF-immobilized degrading enzymes for practical mycotoxin detoxification.