Ferroptosis-Senescence Crosstalk in Sepsis-Associated Acute Lung Injury: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities

Sepsis-associated acute lung injury (SALI) is characterized by disruption of the alveolar-capillary barrier, uncontrolled inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired tissue repair. Ferroptosis and cellular senescence have emerged as potentially interacting stress-response programs that may jointly shape the progression of septic lung injury. Ferroptosis promotes epithelial and endothelial damage through iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, and impaired GPX4-mediated lipid repair. In parallel, senescence-associated remodeling may contribute to persistent cell-cycle arrest, senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) production, endothelial dysfunction, and defective regenerative capacity. This review summarizes current evidence on the molecular and cellular crosstalk between ferroptosis and cellular senescence in SALI. Candidate regulatory intersections include context-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species accumulation, iron dyshomeostasis, metabolic reprogramming, lysosomal dysfunction, DNA-damage responses, and stress-responsive pathways involving p53, NRF2, ATF4, STAT3, and FOXO1. Direct SALI evidence is currently strongest for ferroptosis-induced senescence-associated remodeling in pulmonary endothelial cells, whereas senescence-associated ferroptosis resistance is supported mainly by non-pulmonary models. Likewise, SASP-mediated paracrine ferroptosis in neighboring pulmonary cells remains insufficiently validated. We therefore propose an evidence-informed, temporally and cell-type-dependent ferroptosis-senescence framework in SALI, in which acute senescence-associated responses may coexist with ferroptotic injury, whereas persistent senescence-associated remodeling may contribute to defective repair and microenvironmental injury amplification. Targeting this axis through ferroptosis inhibition, restoration of endogenous antioxidant defenses, senotherapeutic modulation, and regenerative strategies may offer stage-informed therapeutic opportunities. Further time-resolved and cell-specific studies are required to define causal relationships and clinically actionable therapeutic windows.