Environmental Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and SARS-CoV-2 Infection History Among Blood Donors

Objectives: The present study evaluated the association between plasma concentrations of selected endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)-bisphenol A (BPA), methylparaben (MeP), propylparaben (PrP), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), 4-octylphenol (4-OP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and imazalil (IMZ)-and prior coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) status. Methods: Plasma EDC levels were quantified via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in 262 voluntary blood donors (121 convalescents and 141 controls) at the Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine in Bialystok, Poland. Results: The cohort exhibited widespread environmental exposure to all selected EDCs (BPA: 1.14 ng/mL, MeP: 1.20 ng/mL, PrP: 1.38 ng/mL, 4-NP: 1.90 ng/mL, 4-OP: 0.57 ng/mL, DEHP: 49.68 ng/mL, IMZ: 20.06 ng/mL). Convalescents had significantly higher concentrations of MeP, PrP, 4-OP, and 4-NP. Logistic regression revealed that MeP, PrP, and 4-NP were significantly associated with prior COVID-19 status, increasing infection odds by 80%, 70%, and 63%, respectively. While 4-OP was strongly associated with prior COVID-19 status (odds ratio > 300 per unit change and 1.79 per 0.1 unit change), the wide confidence interval for the unit change estimate requires cautious interpretation. Conclusions: These findings suggest a strong link between selected paraben and alkylphenol exposure and prior COVID-19 status in blood donors. Additionally, the high IMZ levels highlight the need for urgent evaluation of its safety and environmental prevalence.