RNA Chemical Modifications in Mammalian Skeletal Muscle Development, Homeostasis, and Disease: Regulatory Mechanisms

Dujun Chen1,2,3, Mailin Gan1,2,3, Yuhang Lei1,2,3

  • 1Farm Animal Germplasm Resources and Biotech Breeding Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.

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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
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Protein Modifications in the RER

Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
Broadly, these modifications can be categorized into four main categories — glycosylation, formation of disulfide bonds, assembly of protein subunits, and specific proteolytic cleavages like removal of signal sequences.
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Formation of Muscle Fibers from Myoblasts

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Cellular Adaptation II: Hypertrophy

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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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Writers
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