Recoloring for Renewal: Preparation and Performance of Colored Slag-Based 3D Printing Materials

The current reuse of blast furnace slag is limited, and the products made from it have low added value and minimal pricing potential. The primary objective of this research is to develop new eco-friendly 3D printing materials using blast furnace slag as the main raw material, simultaneously achieving combined optimization of color appearance and material performance, to increase the reutilization value of slag and address environmental problems caused by slag. Existing studies on slag-based 3D printing materials mainly focus on improving material performance, often neglecting the combined optimization of color and material performance. This study proposes a solution to create colored slag-based 3D printing materials, aiming to break the conventional view of slag waste as simply "black or gray." This study optimized the particle size distribution of slag-based 3D printing materials using the Andreasen model. The CIELAB color difference formula was applied to reveal how color difference values varied under different mix ratios. Digital image analysis was conducted to evaluate the color characteristics of the specimens and the uniformity of the pigmentation. After 28 days of natural air curing, the color difference ΔE at various measurement points on each colored specimen remained below 3.0, indicating that iron oxide pigments exhibit satisfactory color stability within the slag matrix. To ensure high-quality 3D printing, this study examined the effect of water temperature on the curing time of colored slag-based 3D printing materials. Range analysis results showed that water temperature exerted the most significant influence on setting time (range = 255 s), substantially greater than that of pigment dosage (range = 15 s) and pigment type (range = 5 s). The Herschel-Bulkley constitutive model was used to calculate the flow index of the material. Printing tests confirmed that colored slag 3D printing materials are suitable for extrusion-based 3D printing. The 28-day compressive test results showed that the average fracture load of the three pigmented specimen groups ranged from 23.30 to 24.58 N. Cost analysis further indicated that the comprehensive material cost is approximately 467 RMB/ton, which is lower than that of commercially available colored cement, demonstrating favorable economic competitiveness. The development of colored materials for 3D printing based on blast furnace slag can expand their applications and market potential. It also improves material performance and market acceptance, and its cost advantage over commercial colored cement further enhances its viability for practical applications, promoting high-value recycling and reuse of slag waste.